For the first time in jade, Hetian jade from Xinjiang was discovered. Three thousand years ago, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Xinjiang’s imported and jade jade had become an indispensable part of the life of the Minister of the Zhou Dynasty. Regardless of sacrifices and various ceremonies, the emperor must use jade and have a complete set of regulations. According to historical records, during the most prosperous Wuding period of the Shang Dynasty, the county king Wu Ding had a three-year war with a northern national called Ghost (now north of Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Mongolia, and Baikal). The jade articles of Lake Baikal, Hetian and Women's Tomb were linked together, and the experts touched the origin of the war. The war is to get jade. Because it is a baby, the ghost party does not contribute or contribute less, Wu Ding will fight the ghost party in 3 years.
National treasure gold jade clothing
About 1.5 kilometers southwest of Mancheng County, Baoding, Hebei Province, there is a small hill shaped like a chair, called Lingshan. In 1968, archaeologists discovered the tomb of Zhongshan Jing Wang Liu Sheng and his wife Dou Yu. It is here that people accidentally discovered a well-preserved gold jade dress.
This complete set of gold jade clothing is called a national treasure. The archaeologists calculated that Liu Sheng’s jade clothing used 2,498 pieces of jade, about 1100 grams of gold wire. According to calculations, it takes more than 10 years for a jade to make such a jade.
The wind of the burial jade of the Han Dynasty reached its peak, and the exquisiteness of its jade jade reached a very high level.
Jade function to secularization
After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the ritual function of jade disappeared and replaced with distinctive decorative and appreciation. Its use was no longer limited to the ruling class, but accepted by all sectors of society. The subject of jade has a large number of religious objects such as characters, flowers and birds, and flying, and is increasingly reflected in daily necessities.
In the Song Dynasty, the ancient and ancient styles prevailed, and the officials were eager to collect ancient jade. The development of jade appeared in antique jade.
The unprecedented prosperity of the jade industry during the Ming and Qing Dynasties
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the jade industry became a huge industry in the upper class, and a large number of skilled craftsmen pushed Chinese jade articles to the heyday of innovation and perfection. A large number of jade utensils appear, and a collection of fine products.
Yangzhou used to be a folk workshop for making jade, and there were countless venues and shops specializing in the sale of jade. For a long period of time, "Hetian jade, Yangzhou workers" represents the highest level of Chinese jade. Shanzi is a jade carving variety pioneered by Yangzhou Yugong during the Qing Emperor Qianlong. Shanzi carving is the highest level of jade craftsmanship. Without the experience and special tools passed down from generation to generation, it is impossible to rule the giant jade carving. At that time, only Yangzhou jade workers could rule the mountain carvings. The "Dazhi Water Control" treasured in the Palace Museum is a mountain carving. It is more than two meters high and weighs 7 tons. In the Qianlong period, the jade craftsmanship reached the peak of history, and the craftsmanship was all-in-one, and it was the best.
According to historical records, in the 25th year of the Qing Emperor Qianlong (1760), after the Qing Dynasty ended the military retreat of the "returning Xinjiang" Da and Xiaohe Zhuo, the jade, gold and the copper in the area of ​​the present-day Shache and Hetian areas were It is determined that the southern dynasty will be the three tributes to the Qing government. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has been prepared to control the mining rights of the southern Xinjiang jade mine. Two years later, after the Qing government ordered the mining of the oysters in the Yerlang Mt., it was completely banned from the riverbed and jade in the southern Xinjiang, and the Karen (the post) was guarded. The ordinary people were not allowed to go down the mountain to collect the jade. .
The descendants of Hetian Caiyu family, the Uighur uncle, and the buyer, described the collection of the Hetian and Yarkantong jade in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, the Gongyu of Nanjiang was divided into two categories: “Gonggong†and “Tonggongâ€. There is no limit on the number of jade of "common tribute", how much is produced, and how much is paid. The river jade in the “Gonggong†is harvested twice a year, once after the peach blossoms in March, and once during the autumn. No matter which time, it is working in the cold water. On the west side of Hetian County is the Karakash River, and on the east side is the Yulong Kashi River. Both rivers are famous in the Kunlun Mountains. The local Muslims collect river jade here.
The officials of the Qing Dynasty who were responsible for collecting jade collected labor through Burke (manager) in various parts of southern Xinjiang, and compiled camps in the form of militarization. The three or fifty people along the river lined up side by side for fishing, and large fishing. The team has as many as 500 people. Most of these jadeites are Muslims in southern Xinjiang. They were registered by the local government before entering the mining jade area and during the fishing process. In "Qing Shi Lu", the author saw records showing that the jade jade produced by Hetian and Yarkant, the tribute jade that was transported to the capital every year was 4,000 kg. According to the statistics in "Xinjiang Tuzhi", the annual jade produced in Hetian and Yarkant is about 7,000 to 10,000 kg.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Xiao Xiong, a poet who followed Zuo Zongtang’s rebellion in the Pingding Agubo in Xinjiang, described the situation of picking jade in the "Xijiang Miscellaneous Poems"--"Jade-like sheep fat is warm and sturdy, Kungang gas is the original; The city people are on the banks of the Shuanghe River, and they are not in the water. The "Kungang" in the poem refers to the Kunlun Mountains on the south side of the Hetian area. The "six cities" refer to the six oasis cities around the Hetian area. "The Jade Dragon Kash River and the Karakash River, the Muslims who came from the oasis around the Hetian area, entered the Twin Rivers with ice and cold, just to find Hetian jade."
At this time, after thousands of years of history, China’s jade culture has been basically shaped. Mining, carving, and jade use have been in China for more than 10,000 years. In the early days of ancient countries, jade has always been an important ritual and The emergence of the device, our ancestors as a medium to communicate with the ancestors of the gods, this tradition of jade rituals, in the summer, business, Zhou, and further development, it will form in the long-term history The deep-rooted national psychology of the whole people loves jade and respects jade. As an important part of Chinese civilization, jade culture has an inestimable and far-reaching impact on China's 5,000-year history of civilization. In ancient Chinese books, Kunlun Mountain is called "the mountain of jade" or "the ancestor of Wanshan."
Hetian jade culture has an incalculable and far-reaching influence in the history of Chinese civilization. Mining, carving, and using jade articles have been in China for more than 10,000 years. In the early days of the formation of the ancient countries, jade has always appeared as an important ritual and rifle, and is regarded by our ancestors as a medium for communication with the ancestors of the gods.
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