Jade culture is an important part of Chinese traditional culture. The jade culture with jade as the central carrier has deeply influenced the ancient Chinese people's ideas and has become an indispensable part of Chinese culture. It contains the patriotic people who are "nearly jade". The Qijie, the "love into jade", the unity and love of the fashion, the "self-satisfaction and dedication" of "moisturizing and warming", the "clean and unrelenting" of the Qingzheng honest and clean air... Chinese people love jade, Xiyu, Chongyu have a long history, people love jade It has continued to this day. Today’s story begins with these beautiful stones –
The ancients love the jade gentleman's virtues like jade
Xu Shen, a writer of the Eastern Han Dynasty, said in "Said Wen Jie Zi": "Jade, the beauty of stone." The Chinese people's love for jade has been continuous for thousands of years. There is a saying in "Book of Rites": "The gentleman of the ancients will admire the jade", "the gentleman has no reason to go to the body", and the "Book of Songs" also has the record of "remembering the gentleman, Wen Qiruyu", showing the ancient people's love for jade.
From the perspective of mineralogy, jade is a natural stone. Why is this stone popular with the ancients?
Look for the "shadow" of jade from the archaeological objects. At present, the earliest jade found in China is a group of small jade articles such as jade, jade, jade and so on, which were unearthed in the Xinglongtun site of the Aohan Banner in Inner Mongolia (the middle of the Neolithic Age). It has a history of seven or eight thousand years. In other words, more than 8,000 years ago, our ancestors began to advocate jade culture.
The ancients love jade, not purely because of the external beauty, but the emphasis on its content. People wear jade in the body, so that they are self-satisfied, as their own life revelation, standardize their words and deeds not to be out of the box, so since ancient times, there has been a saying that "the gentleman is better than the jade". "Said Wen Jie Zi·Jade Department" records: "Jade, there are five virtues: Run Ze to warm, benevolent side also; å‹°ç†è‡ªå¤–, can know the middle, the righteous side also; its sound is Shu Yang, special far from the news The wisdom of the party; unyielding, the courage of the party; sharp and not skill, the clean side also." That is to say, the ancients believed that jade contains five virtues.
According to legend, when the Yellow Emperor was divided into princes in ancient times, jade was used as a symbol of their enjoyment of power. In the future, many emperors’ "transfers of the country" were also made of jade. The Shang Dynasty used Moyu gums to convey the king's orders, and in the written Zhou Dynasty, he began to use jade as a tool. In history, the most famous piece of jade is "He Shi". In the early years, it was transferred to the hands of the princes of various roads. Later, it was made by Qin Shihuang as a national jade, and the book was "accepted by the heavens, and the life is Yongchang". In the more than a thousand years of the existence of He Shi, he was regarded as the "treasure of the world", and he did not know what to do.
China is the earliest and most extensive country in the world for the exploitation and use of jade. There are many records about it in the ancient books, and the names are also very complicated, such as water jade, jade jade, jade jade, jade jade, nephrite, white marble and so on. We often say that "it is better to be jade, not to be full." It expresses a kind of integrity and will not sell the principle for self-interest.
It can be said that China has more than 8,000 years of jade history, more than 3,000 years of jade research history, the history of jade articles in China, the length of its continuation, the wide distribution, the type of the people, the fine workmanship, and the deep influence , not for any other country.
The craftsman is skillfully crafted to add aura
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, jade articles were unearthed in large and medium-sized tombs, and jade articles were more abundant. According to the use of utensils, it can be roughly divided into ritual jade, weapons and tools, decorations and miscellaneous items. Among them, decorative jade articles are the bulk of jade articles unearthed during this period. During this period, jade was not only a symbol of the pre-life status and wealth of the tomb, but also a carrier of religion and ritual system.
In "Zhou Li", it is stipulated that "in the sky, to the heavens, to the ancestral rites, to the Qing dynasty to the east, to the red rites to the south, to the white sect to the west, to the sacred to the north." The ancient order is "the southeast of the heavens and the earth." "Northwest", represented by six colored jade.ç’§, inner circle outer circle; ç®, outer circle; gui, long strip, upper tip; ç’‹, shape like Gui, two ends with pointed; amber, curved, carved into a tiger shape; ç’œ, curved, generally Carved into a dragon or fish shape.
In the 1970s, more than 1,300 pieces of jade, stone and other cultural relics were unearthed in the Baoji National Cemetery. Among them, the animal jade carvings with deer, tiger, bird, fish and other shapes are vivid and exquisite, which is superior. In October 2016, the Baoji Bronze Museum added a permanent special exhibition “Mingyue Zhaoqiong – Ancient Jade Art and Art Life Exhibitionâ€. The exhibition brought together 166 pieces of jade articles from the pre-Qin period in Baoji area, divided into “Chongli†and “Shangmeiâ€. "Tianqu" and "Thinking" four units showcased jade articles such as enamel, enamel, enamel and handle, and introduced the complex social relations of the Baoji area in the pre-Qin period to the public and showed the uniqueness of the local jade culture. Charm, with high ornamental value and research value.
Walking the progress hall, Yulu looks back, the jade turtle climbs slowly, the jade tiger runs forward, the jade sings low and sings... The lifelike animal jade carving is under the light, projection, hand-painting, etc. The elves are generally "live" on the land of Zhouyuan three thousand years ago. Looking at the jade carvings of the Zhou Dynasty unearthed during this period, we can find that the jade in the Western Zhou Dynasty was mostly in the form of a sheet. This is because the rulers of the time used the merchants to ruin the country as a reference, rejecting the extravagant winds and advocating the thrift. This concept of governance is directly reflected in the artifacts, that is, the ornamentation of the Zhou Dynasty is not as good as that of the Shang Dynasty, and it is attributed to simplicity and simplicity, so the jade-like jade is greatly increased.
In order to make these jade carvings more lively, the craftsmen must be carved out. The so-called "Jade is not a weapon," and only the jade works that are thinly "ç¢" have vitality. Because the beauty of jade must be revived through the complicated process of "cutting, learning, smashing, grinding", a poem in "The Book of Songs and Wei Feng" writes: "There is a gentleman, such as cutting a book, such as ç¢å¦‚磨According to experts, in the process of jade treatment, ancient craftsmen may first use pipe fittings to make materials, and then use tools such as wire tools and pieces to complete. In addition, from the characteristics of the mouth and nose of the jade carving work, which is "wide and deep in the middle and pointed at both ends", it may be made of cooking utensils, and the lines of the animal muscles are smooth and invisible. .
The beauty of stone means good "speak" auspicious
The ancients believed that jade is a gift from heaven. It can connect the heavens and the earth, and sculpt vivid patterns on the jade. It contains auspicious meanings. The saying "Jade must have work, work must be intentional, meaning must be auspicious" is the characteristic of auspicious figures in jade carving. Highly generalized.
Since ancient times, craftsmen have used knives as a pen to outline people's yearning for good things. As early as in the prehistoric period, the ancients had mastered a set of techniques that were primitive and simple, but skilled and sophisticated. In archaeological excavations, some original jade tools were discovered, as well as scrap scraps and jade articles with traces of processing. It is speculated that the jade process in ancient times was divided into jade, open eyes, jade, drilling, grinding, engraving, polishing and so on.
Among the large number of jade artifacts unearthed in the Baoji area, the jade carvings of animal shapes account for a large proportion. It is understood that the animal jade carving originated from the Neolithic period, and its subject matter was the tribal totem at that time. In the case of dragon and phoenix patterns, they originated from the totem worship of the primitive clan society in China. The tone of the dragon pattern is the snake, and the keynote of the phoenix is ​​the bird. This can be further derived from the shapes and patterns of the jade and bronze wares of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It is confirmed that during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the dragon and phoenix jade carvings that symbolize the authority appeared in large numbers, and they all have a unique style from the shape to the ornamentation.
The jade carving of the Shang Dynasty is thick and simple, with simple and rough lines. The shape of the dragon is ring-shaped, and the head and tail are close together, sometimes even. In the late Shang Dynasty, the shape of Yulong gradually became more complicated, and the back began to appear in the shape of the spine; the dragons and phoenixes in the early Western Zhou Dynasty inherited the style of the late merchants, mainly because Zhouhe Shang had political, economic and cultural exchanges, and later Zhou Wuwang destroyed and destroyed the merchants, not only obtained a large number of bronzes and jade articles, but also the royal jade materials and jade jade, smelting of the slaves, so that the Zhou Dynasty Zhiyu received the reinforcement of manpower and material resources and the inheritance of skills. In the Tomb No. 26 of Fufeng Huangdui in Baoji area, a dragon and phoenix sculpture with a height of 4.3 cm, a width of 2.6 cm and a thickness of 0.2 cm was unearthed. The shape is exquisite and unforgettable.
As early as the Yangshao culture period, deer, bird, fish and frog patterns are collectively referred to as the “four totemsâ€, and their image is brave, auspicious, and multi-child. The jade deer, jade fish, jade turtle and jade silkworm unearthed from the Baoji National Cemetery are mainly realistic, and they look vivid and childish. As a funerary, these cute little animals also contain the meaning of auspicious. The ancients believed that the deer symbolizes Fulu, the turtle is regarded as a lucky animal of life extension, and the fish represents a good food and clothing...
It has been said that the history of jade development is a history of Chinese civilization. In ancient times, jade was regarded as a treasure, and it was auspicious and beautiful; today, various ancient jade carvings that once represented material wealth were placed in the museum's exhibition hall, telling people in silent language that those "golden valuable jade is priceless" The legend of the past.
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